(a) constitutionalism; is Strict adherence to the provisions of the Constitution of the land by everyone including the leaders.
(b) i. Existence of a multi-party system.
ii. Entrenchment of Fundamental Human Rights in the constitution.
iii. Free, fair and periodic election.
iv. Existence of free press.
v. Fixed term of office for elected political office holders.
vi. Independent judiciary.
vii. Observance of Rule of Law.
viii. Raising the level of literacy/civic education.
ix. Accountability and transparency in governance.
x. Existence of separation of powers/checks and balance.
xi. Tolerance of opposition/opposing views.
xii. An elaborate process of amending the constitution.
xiii. Nature/system of government.
xiv. Existence of a constitution.