(a) Decentralization refers to a system of governmental administration in which powers are not concentrated in a single central authority only, but shared with component regions, states, provinces and local units. Such powers are clearly specified in the constitution or enabling act/law of a country. It involves devolution, delegation and de-concentration of powers.
(b)Decentralisation has the following advantages.
(i) It enhances political unity as the various regions of the state are carried along and given a sense of belonging.
(ii) Faster pace of development is achieved as the centre is divested of so many responsibilities.
(iii) Encouragement of healthy competition is enhanced because each integral unit wants to be the best.
(iv) It brings government nearer to the people especially those who reside in the rural areas.
(v) It increases efficiency of government
(vi) It allays fear of domination
(vii). It protects interest of minority groups.
(viii) It guarantees wider consultation for grassroots operational efficiency
(ix) It enhances greater participation of the people in government.
(x) It reduces the work load of central government, thereby increasing its efficiency.
(xi) It prevents the emergence of dictatorship as there are checks and balances.
(xii) It affords opportunity for leadership training e.g. leaders graduate from regional to central government positions.
(xiii) It encourages political stability because the various components are well represented in government.