(a) Outline any four advantages of concentration of industries in urban areas.
(i) Presence of skilled and unskilled labour
(ii) Creation of employment opportunities
(iii) Presence of capital
(iv) Improvement in the standard of living
(v) Linkage of industries
(vi) Encourages the development of infrastructure
(vii) Development of skilled man-power
(viii) Encourages the development of organised market
(ix) Provision of research centres.
(b) Highlight any three disadvantages of concentration of industries in urban areas.
(1) Encourages rural — urban migration
(2) Uneven development
(3) Increase in crime rate
(4) Leads to congestion e.g traffic, industries, housing etc
(5) Environmental pollution / health hazards / poor waste management
(6) Pressure on social amenities / infrastructure
(7) Structural unemployment due to low demand for industrial goods
(8) Destruction of the ecosystem
(9) Loss of farmlands
(10) Target of attack during war time
(11) Development of slums / ghettos
(c) Describe three factors responsible for the dominance of light industries in the developing countries
(1) Inadequate capital
(2) Inadequate infrastructure
(3) Availability of labour (unskilled labour)
(4) Inadequate managerial skills
(5) Less capital intensive
(6) Availability of local raw materials
(7) Production of consumer goods
(8) Low energy consumption
(9) Inadequate skilled labour