(a) Permanent drought is the complete absence of precipitation in an area. There is virtually no water in the soil. This is common in deserts. Seasonal drought is the type in which an area only experiences drought at a particular season and plenty of rainfall or precipitation at the other season. E.g Some areas could have rainfall during the rainy season while they will experience dryness during the dry season. This situation results in seasonal drought.
(b)(i) Two causes of drought are;
(i) Absence of precipitation or rainfall
(ii) Shifting of climatic zones which results in southwards creeping of the Sahara Desert.
(ii) Two effects of drought are;
(i) Drought gives rise to large scale disruption of socio-economic life due to crop failure, lack of water and livestock pasture
(ii) It can lead to displacement of settlement and migration of people from drought—affected areas to other areas.
(c) Two methods of minimizing the effects of drought are:
(i) The application of large scale irrigation to water the area so as to stimulate the growth of vegetation
(ii) Afforestation: the planting of trees minimizes the level of drought as this could even result in the formation of rain.