(a) Define esterification: Esterification is the reaction between an alkanol and alkanoic/organic acid to produce an alkanoate/ester and water in the presence of mineral acid.

(b) Properties ottitastic: —Good insulators to heat and electricity. —Can be recycled. —Are non-biodegradable. —Are durable.— can be tailor-made (to suit particular purpose). —Are resistant to corrosion/chemicals. —Can be remoulded.

(c) Components of duralumin: —Aluminium, —Magnesium. —Copper. —Manganese.

(d)(i) What is meant by raw material: Raw material is a starting material used in producing or manufacturing a substance/product.
(ii) What is meant by primary product: This is the main product of the industry/an intermediate product that can be still converted to other usable product.

(e) Charles' law: It states that the volume of a given mass of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature/ temperature in Kelvin if the pressure is constant.

(f) Protective equipment in the laboratory: —Safety goggle. —Hand gloves. —Laboratory coat/apron. —Boots or safety boot. —Nose mask/shield. —Fume cupboard. --Respirator/ gas mask. —Fire extinguisher.

(g) Uses of Ammonia: —As a refrigerant. —For electing aluminium. —As agent for manufacturing of fertilizer. —As solvent for removal of grease and oil stains. —For softening of temporarily hard water. —Use in making/manufacturing ammonium salt. —For treating insect bite. —As agent for manufacturing of HNO\(_3\). —As a precipitating agent for qualitative analysis.

(h)(i) Process by which lighter hydrocarbons are obtained from heavier ones: —Cracking.
(ii) Products:formed from the reaction between ethanol and sodium metal: —Sodium ethoxide + Hydrogen gas.
(iii) Oxidation number of sulphur in H\(_2\)SO\(_4\)
H\(_2\)SO\(_4\) = 2 x 1 + 5 + 4(-2) — 2 = 0
= 2 + 5 — 8 = 0
2 + 5 = 8
5 = 8 — 2 = 6
5 = 6

(j) IUPAC name of: (i) NaClO\(_3\) —>Soludium trioxochlorate(V).
(ii) CUSO\(_4\)SH\(_2\)O —> Copper (II) tetraoxosulphate (VI) —> -pentahydrate