a)(i) It is a measure of the tendency of an element to form ions in solution relative to the tendency of hydrogen atoms to form ions in solution at standard conditions (at 298K and 1 atom and 1 molar concentration)
(ii) Concentration, Temperature, Pressure.
— To predict the direction/feasibility of a chemical reaction
— To calculate the e.m.f of a cell
— To predict the standard potential of unknown elements.
(v) = Emf = E°(Right) — E°(Left)
= + 0.34 — (— 0.76) V
= +1.10V
(b)(i) I Oxidation — a process of electron loss
II. Oxidizing agent—an electron acceptor
(ii) Separate into half reactions
(c) (i) Neutral (ii) Acidic (iii) Amphoteric (iv) Basic
(d) Hydrogen bonding is an intermolecular force between molecules in which hydrogen is attached to a very electronegative atom which has a small size, e.g. N, O, F.
