(a) (i) Define nuclear fission. (ii) A certain natural decay series starts with $^{238}_{92}U$ and ends with$^{230}_{90}Th$. Each step involves the loss of an alpha or a beta particle. Using the given information, deduce how many alpha beta particpes were emitted. (b) Consider the equilibrium reaction represented by the following equation: A$_{2(9)}$ + 3B$_{2(9)}$ $\rightleftharpoons$ 2AB$_{3(g)}$; $\Delta$H = + xkJmol$^{-1}$ Explain briefly the effect of each of the following changes on the equilibrium composition: (i) increase in concentrat of B; (ii) decrease in pressure of the system; (iii) addition of catalyst. (c) The lattice energies of three sodium halides are as follows: Explain briefly the trend. (d) State the property exhibited by nitrogen (IV) oxide in each of the following reactions: (i) 4Cu + 2NO$_2$ $\to$ 4CuO + N$_2$; (ii) H$_2$O + 2NO$_2$$\to$ HNO$_3$ + HNO$_2$. (e) Iron is manufacturcd in a blast furnace using iron ore (Fe$_2$O$_3$), coke and limestone. Write the equation for the reaction(s) at the: (i) top of the furnace; (ii) middle of the furnace; (iii) bottom of the furnace. (f) (i) Name two products of destructive distillation of coal. (ii) Give one use of each product in (f)(i).

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(a) (i) Define nuclear fission.
(ii) A certain natural decay series starts with

_{92}^{238} U

and ends with

_{90}^{230} T h

. Each step involves the loss of an alpha or a beta particle. Using the given information, deduce how many alpha beta particpes were emitted.
(b) Consider the equilibrium reaction represented by the following equation:
A

_{2 (9)}

+ 3B

_{2 (9)}

⇌

2AB

_{3 (g)}

;

Δ

H = + xkJmol

^{- 1}

Explain briefly the effect of each of the following changes on the equilibrium composition: (i) increase in concentrat of B; (ii) decrease in pressure of the system; (iii) addition of catalyst.
(c) The lattice energies of three sodium halides are as follows:

Compound	NaF	NaBr	Nal
Lattice energy/kJmol $^{- 1}$	890	719	670

Explain briefly the trend.
(d) State the property exhibited by nitrogen (IV) oxide in each of the following reactions:
(i) 4Cu + 2NO

_{2}

\to

4CuO + N

_{2}

;
(ii) H

_{2}

O + 2NO

_{2}

\to

HNO

_{3}

+ HNO

_{2}

.
(e) Iron is manufacturcd in a blast furnace using iron ore (Fe

_{2}

_{3}

), coke and limestone. Write the equation for the reaction(s) at the: (i) top of the furnace; (ii) middle of the furnace; (iii) bottom of the furnace.
(f) (i) Name two products of destructive distillation of coal. (ii) Give one use of each product in (f)(i).

Explanation

(a)(i) It is the splitting of a heavy nucleus into smaller nuclei accompanied by the release of large amount of energy.
(ii)

_{92}^{238} U

and ends with

_{90}^{230} T h

2_{2}^{4} H e

2_{- 1 e}^{o} T h

α

[articles = 2

β

particles = 2

(b)(i) Equilibrium positicn shifts to the right and more of AB

_{3}

is formed or decrease in concentration of A

_{2}

(ii) Equilibrium shifts to the left and more of A

_{2}

and; B

_{2}

formed / decrease in concentration of AB

_{3}

(iii) No effect. Catalyst affects both forward and backward reactions equally.

(c) For a constant cation Na

^{+}

lattice energy decreases with ircreases in size of the anion / decrease in electronegativity of the anion.
F

^{-}

, Br

^{-}

, I

^{-}

increasing order of size. Hence the decreasing crder ofilattice energy.

(d)(i) NO

_{2}

is an oxidizing agent
(ii) NO

_{2}

is acting as an oxidizing as well as reducing agents OR acid anhydride.

(e)(i) Fe

_{2}

_{3}

+ 3CO --> 2Fe + 3CO

_{2}

(ii) CaCO

_{3}

—› CaO + CO

_{2}

, CaO + SiO

_{2}

\to

CaSiO3
(iii) C + O

_{2}

—> CO

_{2}

, CO

_{2}

+ C

\to

2CO

(f) Coke I Coal Tar / Coal Gas /Ammonical Liquor
(ii) Coke — Solid fuels I production of water gas, extraction of ME Coal Tar — Synthesis of chemicals — perfumes, dyes, paints, drugs, plastic and explosives, etc. Coal Gas — as fuels in homes and industries
Ammonical liquor — production of (NH

_{4}

)

_{2}

_{4}

for fertilizer

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(a) (i) Define nuclear fission. (ii) A certain natural decay series starts with ...

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