(a)(i)- alpha particle, (doubly charged) helium nucleus/high ionizing/low penetrating power/deflected towards negative plate.
- beta particle, (fast moving) electron/moderate ionizing/moderate penetrating power/deflected towards positive plate.
- gamma radiation, (high energy) electromagnetic radiation/low ionizing/high penetrating power effect in magnetic field.
(ii)
| Chemical Reaction | Nuclear Reaction |
| - atoms are rearranged by the breaking and forming of chemicarbondlno new atom is formed/atomic number or mass number of each element does not change. - only (valence) electrons are involved. - reactions are accompanied by absorption /release of (relatively) small amount of energy. - rate of reaction is influenced by temperature, pressure, concentration and catalyst. | - elements are converted to other elements/new elements may be formed/atomic number or mass number of each element may change - protons, neutrons, electrons and other elementary particles may be involved. - reactions are accompanied by release of (relatively) large amount of energy. - rate of reaction normally is not affected by pressure, temperature and catalyst. |
(iii) I. \(^{212}_{84}Po\) \(to\) \(^{208}_{82}Pb\) + \(^{4}_2X\) (X is \(\alpha\)-particle/helium nucleus/\(^{4}_2He\))
II. \(^{137}_{55}Cs\) \(\to\) \(^{137}_{56}Ba\) + \(^{0}_{-1}Y\) (Y is \(\beta\)-particle/electron/ \(^{0}_{-1}He\))
(b).(i) atomic number = 17
(ii) group 7
(iii) - formation of diatomic molecules. - formation of monovalent ions/same valence electrons, - they are coloured substances. - they are oxidizing agents., - most electronegative in its period/smallest atomic size in its period. - they are non-metals.
(iv) chlorine .
(v) 3Cl\(_2\) +6NaOH ----> 5NaCl + NaCIO\(_3\) + 3H\(_2\)O.
(c)(i) I. Graphite consists of planar layers (in which all carbon-carbon bonds extend in two dimensions) which can slide over each other. Hence it is used as lubricant.
II. Diamond consist of (large) three dimensinoal network of carbon-carbon bonds which Makes it hard hence, used as a cutting tool.
(ii) HCI\(_{aq}\) + NH\(_{3(aq)}\) --> NH\(_4\)CI\(_{(aq)}\)
OR HCI\(_{aq}\) + NH\(_4\)HO\(_{aq}\) --> NH\(_4\)Cl\(_{aq}\) + H\(_2\)O\(_{l}\)
(iii) Combination OR Neutralisation.
