(a)(i) -All members of a homologous series share a general molecular formula.
-Each successive member in a series differs in its molecular formula by the addition of a - CH2 -.
-All members show similar chemical properties
-All members can usually be prepared by using the same general methods.
(ii) The second member of the alkyne is propyne with formula C\(_3\)H\(_4\).
The structure is
(iii) C\(_2\)H\(_6\) + 4\(_2\) -> 2CO\(_2\) + 4H\(_2\)O
(b)(i) Dehydration
(ii) Esterification
(iii) Substitution
(iv) Reduction
(v) Oxidation
(c)(i) 2 - methylpropanoic acid
(ii) Molecular formula C\(_4\)H\(_8\)O\(_2\) = CH\(_3\) CH(CH\(_3\)) COOH. Empirical formula = C\(_2\)H\(_4\)O
(iii) Sodium, 2 - methyl propanoate and water. (CH\(_3\)CH(CH\(_3\))COONa + H\(_2\)O)
(iv) The boiling point of 2 - methyl propanoic acid will be higher than that of the corresponding alkane because it is a liquid, while the corresponding alkane is a gas.
(d)(i) Y is hydrogen.
(ii) The activated charcoal is to bleach off the natural colour of the oil.
(iii) Finely divided nickel.
(iv) The product are soap and propane - 1, 2, 3 - triol.
