(a)(i) External Fertilization; Involves the release of eggs by the female to the outside environment where a male sheds its sperms on them for fertilization outside the body of the female.
(ii) Internal Fertilization; Involves the release of eggs inside the body of a female males deposit sperms inside the female where fertilization occurs.
(b)(i) Groups of Animal that exhibit external fertilization ;- Fish/pisces, amphibians
(ii) Groups of Animal that exhibit internal fertilization;- Reptiles, birds/aves, mammals
(c)(i) Effect of Detached Placenta on a Foetus;
The exchange of dissolved food substances/oxygen/antibodies between a foetus and the mother will cease, removal of waste products from foetus will cease production of progesterone/hormone will cease might lead to the death of foetus/miscarriage/abortion/still birth. Certain molecules may pass into the body of foetus.
(ii) Other Features Present in the Uterus of a Pregnant Woman; Umbilical cord, amnion, amniotic fluid, allantois, Chorion
(d) Dynamic Equilibrium; Nature does not encourage any population exceeding the carrying capacity of the habitat, living organisms play a role in the regulation of the abundance of organisms/population in the habitat. Interaction among various populations lead to competition which may result in the elimination of one species or its restriction to a non-competitive position, Plants sometimes compete by producing toxic chemicals that inhibit neighboring species, there also exists predator-prey relationship/association between animals all these forces act together to achieve dynamic equilibrium in the habitat.
(e) Problem that Organisms in Intertidal Zones of Marine Habitats could Encounter; Tendency of being carried away by waves drying up/desiccation/exposure to air, varied osmotic balance oxygen deficiency, low light intensity for producers, reduced visibility in animals, fluctuation of water temperature..
(f) Reasons the following factors are necessary for germination;
(i) Moisture;- A seed imbibes/absorbs moisture causing the seed to swell and the testa becomes more permeable to oxygen and carbon (IV) oxide. This swelling will rupture the testa before germination starts, the moisture/water activates the enzymes for metabolism leading to germination
(ii) Viable Seed;- Has a living/healthy embryo, intact healthy cotyledon/endosperm, whole without boring from insect.
(g) Reason Light energy is Considered a Limited Factor in the Production of Food by Autotrophs; Light energy is obtained from the sun which is an important factor for photosynthesis/photolysis of water that is a process of manufacturing/producing food by autotrophs at optimum temperature/sunlight/solar/light energy green plants/autotrophs will manufacture food.