a. Name five vertebrae in mammals with their corresponding locations. [10 marks] b. State one function each of the following parts in a dicotyledonous leaf: (i) palisade; (ii) vascular bundle; (iii) epidermis. [3 marks] c. State one function each of the following parts in the stem of a flowering plant: (i) sieve tube; (ii) cortex; (iii) pith. d. In a tabular form, state: (i) two external structural differences between the stem and root of a maize seeding. [2 marks] (ii) two internal structural differences between the stem and root of a maize seeding. [2 marks]

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a. Name five vertebrae in mammals with their corresponding locations. [10 marks] b. ...

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a. Name five vertebrae in mammals with their corresponding locations. [10 marks]
b. State one function each of the following parts in a dicotyledonous leaf:
(i) palisade;
(ii) vascular bundle;
(iii) epidermis. [3 marks]
c. State one function each of the following parts in the stem of a flowering plant:
(i) sieve tube;
(ii) cortex;
(iii) pith.
d. In a tabular form, state:
(i) two external structural differences between the stem and root of a maize seeding. [2 marks]
(ii) two internal structural differences between the stem and root of a maize seeding. [2 marks]

Explanation

a. Vertebrae with corresponding location

Vertebrae	Location
Cervical	Neck
Thoracic	Chest/Thorax
Lumbar	Abdomen/Upper abdomen/loin
Sacral	Hip/lower abdomen
Caudal	Tail/coccyx

b. Function of:
(i) Palisade
- Manufactures food/carries out photosynthesis/site of photosynthesis;
- Contains chloroplasts for photosynthesis;

(ii) Vascular bundle
- Contains xylem for transport of water/mineral salts/phloem for translocation of manufactured organic substances/hormones;
- Provides mechanical support;

(iii) Epidermis
- It keeps the leaf’s shape;
- Provides mechanical support;

c. Function of
(i) Sieve tube
- Translocates/transports manufactured foods to other parts of the plant

(ii) Cortex
- The cells of cortex store starch;
- Outer cortex cells of green stems contain chloroplasts and make food by photosynthesis/chlorophyllus cortex cells manufacture food;

(iii) Epidermis
- Cells of pith act as packing/food storage tissues;
- Supports the stem;
d. Structural differences
(i) External structural differences between stem and root of a maize seedling

Stem of a maize seedling	Root of a maize seedling
Fibrous root absent	fibrous root present
Chlorophyllus/greenish	non chlorophyllus/non-greenish
Leaves are present	leaves are absent
Thicker in size	thinner in size
Coleoptiles/shoot sheath present	coleoptiles/shoot sheath absent
Coleorhizae/radicle sheath absent	coleorhizae/radicle sheath present.

(ii) Internal structural differences between stem and root of a maize seedling

Stem of a maize seedling	Root of a maize seedling
Vascular bundles are scattered	vascular bundles are arranged/in a ring form
More vascular bundles	less vascular bundles
Cortex is narrower	cortex is wider
Pith is absent	pith is present
Endodermis absent	endodermis present
Phloem and xylem do not alternate	phloem alternates with xylem
Piliferous layer absent	piliferous layer present

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