(a) of Terms:
(1) Fodder: -It is any coarsely chopped grass/cereal crop/legume in dry or fresh form that is cut, carried, and fed to farm animals/ruminants.
(ii) Paddocking: -This is a process of dividing or partitioning rangeland into a number of plots/sections/paddocks/units with fences.
(iii) Reseeding -It is a process of replanting/resowing seeds of forage crops on a depleting pasture. it is a way of improving rangeland that has been depleted or the crops that have shown a sign of dying off by replanting/resowing seeds of legumes and grass.
(iv) Stocking rate; it is the number of animals on a given area of pasture/rangeland. The number of animals that could graze a particular area of pasture.
(v) Natural pasture: A pasture or grassland where the vegetation grows on their own and are fed upon by farm animals.

(b) Factors Affecting the Establishment of Pasture in West Africa:

Lack of quality pasture seeds/crown/ planting material.
Presence of pest.
Presence of disease
Lack of knowledge of appropriate time interplanting legumes with grass
Poor adaptability of exotic species.
Poor knowledge of optimum grass-legumes
Changes in climatic conditions.
Inadequate capital.
Inadequate labour.
Inadequate water supply
Rampant bush fire/burn burning


(c) Economic Importance of Weed to Livestock Production:

Competes with forage and therefore reduce soil nutrient availability to pasture crops
Could damage the skin of animals.
Could contaminate milk of lactating animals
Could be poisonous to livestock.
Non-toxic weed may serve as additional feed to farm animals.
Availability of variety of nutritional forages.
It can be used as ethno-veterinary/medicine.
Control of weeds add to the cost of production.