(a) Advantages of Castration in Livestock Production:
-Prevents indiscriminate mating/breeding control.
-Increased animal weight/growth improvement.
-Improved meat quality.
- Animals docile for easy handling.
-Removal of male odour
- Improvement of market value.

Disadvantages of Castration in Livestock Production:
- Blood may be lost in the process
- If not well treated, wound may persist.
- There could be excess deposit of fat.
- Desirable traits may be lost.
- It is stressful/painful to the animal.
- Death may occur.


(b) (i)

(ii) Functions of Parts:
Beak: - picks the feed. - moistens the feed:
Oesophagus/gullet/gut/throat: - Passage for feed from mouth to Crop:
Crop - Temporary storage of feed -Further moistening of feed.
Proventriculus:- Secretion of gastric juice/digestive enzyme;-Digestion of proteins
Ventriculus:-Mixing/churning of feed.
Small intestine:-Digestion of feed. - Secretion of digestive enzymes. -Absorption of nutrients.
Large intestines: -Absorption of water.
Pancreas: - Secretion of pancreatic juice.
Liver: - Secretion of bile.
Gall bladder: - Storage of bile.
Caeca/Caecum: - Microbial fermentation, - Absorption of water.
Rectum: - Absorption of water. -Collection of faecal material.
Cloaca/anus/vent: - Passage for droppings-
Gizzard:-Grinding of feed.