(a) Maize smut disease
(i) Causal organism Fungus/Ustilago maydis
(ii) Mode of transmission Air-borne spores are deposited on the leaves of crops/ wind
(iii) Symptoms
- Grains are covered with a large mass of spores
- Galls on ears, leaves and tassels which later turn black
- Stunted growth/affected plants becomes dwarfish
(iv) Cultural control measures
- Use of clean seeds for sowing
- Crop rotation - Planting resistant varieties
- Early planting
- Uproot and burn diseased plants

(b) Forest management practices in West Africa
- Afforestation
- Deforestation
- Regeneration
- Selective exploitation
- Taungya system
- Ley fanning
- Alley cropping
(c)(i) Classes of farm animals based on their uses
Animals reared for food (meat/milk/egg producers)
Animals reared for work/draught animals
Sport/recreation animals Pet animals
Animals reared for protection
(c)(ii)

Classes of farm animals	Examples
Animals for food	Poultry, rabbit, sheep, goat, cattle, pig, snail
Animals for work/draught animals	Cattle/ox/bull/bullock, camel, donkey, horse
Sport/recreation animals	Horse, sheep/ram, cattle/bull et animals
Pet animal	Dog, cat, parrot, pigeon
Animal for protection	Dog, bees, geese, turkey