(a) Differentiate between land ownership by leasehold and land ownership by freehold. [ 2 marks ] (b) Mention five ways in which non-governmental organizations contribute to agricultural development in West Africa. [ 5 marks ] (c) State four ways in which rural-urban migration has hindered agricultural development in West Africa. [ 4 marks ] (d) Mention three socio-economic uses of land. [ 3 marks ] (e) Explain two ways by which each of the following environmental factors affect agricultural production:
Soil organisms; soil texture. [ 4 marks ]
Explanation
(a) Differences between land ownership by leasehold and land ownership by freehold: Leasehold involves the payment of fees for land used over a stated period of time under agreed specified conditions Whereas/ on the other hand Freehold is the outright purchase of land (permanent ownership). Land ownership by leasehold -Use/ownership is for a specific Land ownership by freehold period of time - Permanent crops cannot be planted/Permanent structures cannot be erected - Land cannot be used as.collateral for loan -Land cannot be sold Land Ownership by freehold -Use /ownership is permanent -Permanent crops can be planted/ Permanent structures can be erected -Land can be sued as collateral for loan -Land can be sold (b) ways in which non-governmental organizations contribute to agricultural development in West Africa - Carry out research to improve breeds of animals - Carry out research to develop new crop varieties - Fund agricultural extension projects - Provide social amenities in rural areas - Provide credit to farmers - Provide agricultural extension services/ educate farmers - Provide vaccines and drugs to farmers to control diseases and parasites of farm animals - Provide farming inputs such as agrochemicals, vaccines, drugs to farmers - Provide farm implements/ tools to farmers - Develop improved farming systems - Provide processing facilities - Provide storage facilities. (c) Ways in which rural-urban migration has hindered agricultural development in West Africa -Shortage/scarcity of farm labour -Causes high cost of farm labour - Poor quality of labour in rural areas resulting in low productivity - Decrease in food production /food insecurity -Decrease in export - Inadequate supply of raw materials to agro industries - Poor adoption of agricultural innovation due to ageing farming population. (d) Socio-economic uses of land: - Mining/oil exploration - industries / Companies / banks / factories / offices - Transport (roads, railway, airport, seaport) - Stadia/recreational centres. - Health centres - Residential houses / estate development - Markets - Schools - Religious worship centres - Cemeteries / crematoriums (e) Ways by which environmental factors affect agricultural production (i) Soil organisms - Improve soil structure - Help in organic matter decomposition - Improve soil fertility/ fix atmospheric nitrogen/ help in mineralization in soil - Improve soil aeration - improve water percolation - Cause diseases in plants - Reduce the quantity and quality of crops (nematodes) (ii) Soil texture - Determines soil aeration - Determines tillage practices - Determines water - holding capacity of soils - Determines the type of crop to be grown - Determines nutrient availability in the soil -Affects root penetration