(a) Tools/Equipment used in a dairy cattle farm include: (i) feed trough, (ii) milking machine (iii) water trough, (iv) Milk test cup (v) cheese cloth, (vi) bucket, (vii) control halteres or spores (viii) drenching bottles (ix) milking chute health and medical tools, (x) weighing scale, (xi) forage harvester (xii) milking pale (xiii) forage driers (xiv) loading ramp or chute, (xv) baler, (xvi) tatooing or numbering tools, (xvii) silage fork (xviii) auger (xix) burdizzo etc.
(b) Harmful contaminants of milk in diary farm includes: (I) insects, (ii) stones or pebbles (iii) cobweb (iv) bacteria or pathogens (v) dusts (vi) urine (vii) dirts from tools (viii) droplets from sick animals or handler, (ix) excreta (x) straw/hay or silage (xi) body hair
(c) Precautions which should be taken inorder to produce clean milk are (i) thorough cleaning of animals before milking. (ii) care, milker should concentrate while animal being milked milk must be tested with test cup. (iii)handle milking with care milker should concentrate while the animal milked should be treated with care. (iv) no distraction, e.g. smoking during milking . (v) milk animals in clean environment . (vi) observe hygenic or sanitary rules.